(Updated Jun 2024) Educational qualification of Indian central government's cabinet ministers Narendra Modi Post Graduate (Arts)  from Gujarat University, Ahmadabad (1983) Rajnath Singh  Post Graduate (Science) M.Sc. Physics from Gorakhpur University ( 1971 ) Amit Shah Graduate (Science) ,  Biochemistry from Gujarat University Nitin Gadkari Graduate (Law) ,  LLB from Nagpur University (1982)       (To be added) JP Nadda Shivraj Singh Chouhan Nirmala Sitharaman S Jaishankar Manohar Lal Khattar HD Kumaraswamy Piyush Goyal Dharmendra Pradhan Jitan Ram Manjhi Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh Sarbananda Sonowal Dr Virendra Kumar Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu Pralhad Joshi Jual Oram Giriraj Singh Ashwini Vaishnaw Jyotiraditya Scindia Bhupender Yadav Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Annapurna Devi Kiren Rijiju Hardeep Singh Puri Mansukh Mandaviya G Kishan Reddy Chirag Paswan CR Patil Rao Inderjit Singh Jitendra Singh Arjun Ram Meghwal Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav Jayant Chaudhary Jitin Prasada Shr

Conducting the General Election of world's biggest democracy with 140 Cr population is a mammoth task. India voted for electing 543 members of parliament for the lower house, Parliament. Managing an electorate of size as high as 97 Crore is not a simple task. As on 2024, the t otal number of eligible voters of India  is 3 times the population of USA.   Voting happens by electronic mode by Electronic voting machine (EVM) along with Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT).  Second longest election The 2024 election was India’s second longest ever (44 days) after its first elections in the early 1950s, which lasted close to four months. Voting system India uses 'First Past the Post' model for election where constituency wise candidate who secure more vote wins the seat. This system is followed in UK and USA. The other system is 'Proportional Representation', where seats are allocated based on % votes, not by seat wise but as a country as a whole. Israel follows thi

The gas hydrogen has no color or smell. On the other hand, depending on its form or application or production route hydrogen might be connected to particular colors in some situations or applications. Here are some typical forms of hydrogen along with the corresponding colors.   Grey Hydrogen The term "grey hydrogen" describes hydrogen that is created from fossil fuels , mostly by coal gasification or steam methane reforming (SMR) . The term "grey" refers to the environmental damage caused by carbon emissions.   Blue Hydrogen Blue hydrogen is also produced from fossil fuels, but the carbon emissions generated during production are captured and stored (carbon capture and storage or CCS). The term "blue" indicates that the emissions are mitigated, distinguishing it from grey hydrogen. Blue hydrogen can be seen as an intermediate step towards decarbonizing hydrogen production.   Green Hydrogen Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable e

Important Life lines "Jo log apne bachhe ko haat pakad ke chalne nahi sikate hain, unka bachhe kabhi chalna nahi sikh pate Jo log apne bachhe ka haat chodte hi nahi, unke bachhe kabhi durna nahi sikh pate hain"  Translation Those who do not teach their children to walk, their children never learn walking But, Those who do not leave their children's hand, their children never learn to run  "Sathi sahi ho to kismat khul jati hain, aur zindegi khil Jati hain" Translation With correct partner, destiny opens up and life blossoms.

Ultra short half life or life time  of radioisotopes   in the range of  10 -9 -10 -15  sec  can be estimated by two techniques using Doppler-shift methods,  Recoil Distance Plunger Method (RDPM or RDM) and  Doppler Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM).  The two techniques are rather different, but  Both the techniques rely on the Doppler effect. Doppler effect is the the shift in energy of a γ-ray when it is emitted from a moving source.   In Gist A γ -ray detector was used to view a narrow region of space at a given distance away from a thin target foil.    γ -Rays from recoiling, excited nuclei that decayed in the region viewed by the detector were recorded as a function of distance from the target to obtain a decay curve. A knowledge of the recoil velocity or velocity distribution allowed the nuclear lifetime to be calculated. Spacial resolution and inadequate knowledge of the recoil velocity distribution limited the accuracy and range of lifetimes that could be measured. Recoil Distanc

What is Small modular reactors (SMR)? Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are compact , factory-fabricated nuclear reactors that use advanced nuclear technologies to generate electricity. They are modular, meaning that they can be manufactured in sections and assembled on-site , which makes them easier to transport, install, and operate.     Phoot credit: terrapraxis.org Small Modular Reactor (SMR) is a unique nuclear power technology recognised for its small dimensions and modular construction. Power outputs vary from a few megawatts to upto 300 megawatts (MWe) , enabling scalability and flexibility for varied applications. Modular architecture employs sophisticated materials and safety measures, allowing cost-effective manufacture and rapid deployment. SMRs are regarded a possible answer to issues in conventional nuclear power, promising greater safety, decreased capital costs, and flexibility to different energy needs.  Ongoing research and development intends to establish SMRs

Building Ram temple is an example of national integration Various Indian states are some way or other connected for building Ram temple at Ayodhya  Idol design Chief architect of the temple was Chandrakant Sompura of Gujarat  Idol Stones for making the Ram idol are from Karnataka and Rajathan Sculptors Ganesh Bhatt and Arun Yogiraj from Karnataka  and  Satyanarayan Pandey from Jaipur, Rajathan . Pran Pratistha (consecration) Lakshmi Kant Dixit, Vedic priest from Varanasi, UP Donation Arunachal Pradesh INR 45 million,  Manipur INR 20 million,  Mizoram INR 2.1 million,  Nagaland INR 2.8 million,  Meghalaya INR 8.5 million, & from South,  Tamil Nadu contributed INR 850 million, and  Kerala INR 130 million. Fibre Idol for decoration  Md Jamaluddin (53), and his son Md Alauddin (24) from Duttapukur, North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal are involved for the manufacturing of Fibre idol of Lord Ram.  Several other murtis Murtis of elephant, lion, Hanuman Ji & Garuda have been insta

100+ features of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 13: What is 'Carpet' Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart?  Nuclide Carpet (Paris, 2009 Edition) Introduction: ' Carpet' or 'floor chart ' is new chart form. It is in the form of carpet, place on floor. Dimensions: 1.3m x 8 m (Approx) Occasion of inauguration: International Year of Astronomy (2009) . Exhibition dedicated to astrophysics and nucleosynthesis in the stars Place of inauguration: International Year of Astronomy 2009 exhibition in UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France. Special precautions was taken in design so that even if crowd walks over it, it was wear and tear proof.  Font size of the chart was sufficient to read the chart easily.  Similar one was made for CERN also.  Read other posts of this website 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 1 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 2 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 3 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 4 100+ fac

100+ features of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 12: Types of Chart available Types of Chart available A. Standard 1. Fold-out Chart,  2. Wall Chart and  3. Auditorium Chart  (0.43 m x 3.16 m) B. Special chart 4. Nuclide Carpet (Paris, 2009 Edition) 5. Contour Chart (European Dialogue Centre) and  6. Ceramic Tiles version of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (Institute for Transuranium Elements). C. Online  Read other posts of this website 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 1 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 2 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 3 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 4 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 5 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 6 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 7 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 8 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 9 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 10 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Pa

100+ features of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 11: Important features of varieties of symbols 1. Energy unit Energies from gamma are in keV.  Energies from particles in MeV.   βmax energy for β particles. Multiple βmax values for multiple energies. 2. Multiple energy, how are they arranged,  3. Hidden information on Intensity Energies (both gamma and particles) are arranged with higher to lower transition probabilities (I).   In the case of 60Co, 1332 keV has intensity of 99.98% 1173 keV has intensity of 99.85% Hence, 1332 appears first then 1173.   Same is the case of  β- also.  0.3 (99.88%) and 1.5 MeV (0.12%) . 4. Isomeric transition (IT) 60mCo decays with half life of  10.467m.  It decays by both IT, CE and  β- followd by γ .  Sequence of decay mode tells about intensity.  IT: 2.07%, E γ : 59 keV.  CE: I(CE) = 97% approx, α(T)= 47 (i.e. 97/2.07), More than 1 means deexicitaion by CE is preferred over γ deexcitaion. β- (0.25%) 5. β-... ... after β- means, sum of their branching r

100+ features of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 10: Important Data exclusion and question marks Data exclusion 1. For isomers which decay exclusively by spontaneous fission, no decay data is given in the chart.   2. Conversion electron: No energy information is added for conversion electrons in the chart.  3. Meta stable states included only if their half-life is larger than 1s. Question Marks Question Marks (?) denotes that the data is uncertain , means it is not  established yet fully since less agreement between various databases available.   4. ? mark after nuclide means uncertainty over the existence of the nuclide.    5. ? after decay mode means decay mode exists theoretically but yet to be confirmed experimentally.  6. ? after half life means half life is measured but uncertain. Read other posts of this website 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 1 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 2 100+ facts about of Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Part 3 100+ fa