The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to measure a country's overall achievement in human development . It was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is published in the annual Human Development Report 2023-24 . Components of HDI The HDI evaluates human development based on three key dimensions: Health – Measured by life expectancy at birth Education – Measured by: Mean years of schooling (average years of education received by people aged 25 and older) Expected years of schooling (total expected years of schooling for a child entering school) Standard of Living – Measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (adjusted for purchasing power parity, PPP) HDI Calculation Each of the three dimensions is assigned a value between 0 and 1, and the final HDI score is the geometric mean of these three indices. HDI Classification Countries are categorized based on their HDI score: Very High Human Development (0.800 – 1.000) H...

Chain fission yield refers to the distribution of fission products produced when a heavy nucleus (such as Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239) undergoes nuclear fission. It is classified into three main types: Independent Yield – The probability of directly producing a specific fission fragment immediately after fission, before any radioactive decay occurs. Cumulative Yield – The probability of finding a specific fission product after all possible decay chains have been accounted for. Chain Yield – The sum of the yields of all isotopes with the same mass number (A), regardless of their atomic number (Z). Key Points about Chain Fission Yield : It represents how fission products are distributed in terms of their mass number. The chain yield curve typically has two peaks, one around mass numbers 90-100 and another around 130-140 , due to the asymmetric nature of fission. It is crucial for reactor physics, nuclear waste management, and nuclear weapon design. Reference All are included in the...

The composition of cosmic rays can be divided into   Primary cosmic rays (before interacting with Earth's atmosphere) and Secondary cosmic rays (produced during interactions with Earth's atmosphere).  Image source: https://www.facebook.com/cosmicparticles/   Here's a detailed breakdown : 1. Primary Cosmic Rays Primary cosmic rays originate from outside Earth's atmosphere and consist mainly of high-energy particles. Their composition includes: a. Atomic Nuclei (99% of primary cosmic rays): Protons (Hydrogen nuclei): ~90% of primary cosmic rays are protons. Alpha Particles (Helium nuclei): ~9% are alpha particles Heavier Nuclei: ~1% are heavier atomic nuclei, such as: Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Iron (Fe) These heavier elements are thought to originate from supernovae and other astrophysical sources. b. Electrons (and Positrons): A small fraction (~1%) consists of high-energy electrons. Positrons, the antimatter counterpart of electrons, are also detected in smaller quantiti...

Detailed split-up of the Income and Expenditure of the Government of India for 2023-24   Income Total Receipts : ₹27,88,872 crore Tax Revenue (Net to Centre) : ₹23,26,524 crore Gross Tax Revenue : ₹33,69,000 crore Corporation Tax : ₹9,62,000 crore (approx. 28.6% of gross tax revenue) Income Tax : ₹8,90,000 crore (approx. 26.4%) Goods & Services Tax (GST) : ₹9,56,000 crore (approx. 28.4%) Customs Duty : ₹2,13,000 crore (approx. 6.3%) Excise Duty : ₹2,31,000 crore (approx. 6.9%) Other Taxes : ₹1,17,000 crore (approx. 3.4%) States' Share in Taxes : ₹10,42,476 crore Non-Tax Revenue : ₹4,01,888 crore Sources : Dividends and Profits (RBI, PSUs): Significant portion User charges, fees, etc. Non-Debt Capital Receipts : ₹60,460 crore Recovery of Loans : ₹17,000 crore Disinvestment Proceeds : ₹43,460 crore Expenditure Total Expenditure : ₹44,42,542 crore Revenue Expenditure : ₹34,94,036 crore Interest Payments : ₹10,63,871 crore (30.4% of revenue expenditure) Subsidies...

Here is the GDP ( Nominal, Current Prices ) growth data of 33 Indian states and Union territories since 2011-12. Data source eSankhyiki, Government of India .     Reference All are included in the text as  hyperlink Read other posts of this website All posts Science : 29, Scientific : 25, Non Science : 22, Karlsruhe Nuclear Chart : 13, Analytical Chemistry : 11, Data Analysis : 9, Answers to Cancer : 8, Education Qualification : 7, Half Life : 7, Nuclear Chemistry : 7, COVID-19 : 6, GDP : 6, Statistics : 6, Bhagavad Gita : 5, Chernobyl Accident : 5, Other than Science : 5, RBMK Reactor : 5, Reactor Physics : 5, Srimad Bhagavad Gita : 5

Here is the Net State Domestic Product, Per capita equivalent to GDP ( Nominal, Current Prices ) data of all all 33 Indian states and Union territories (2022-23). Data source eSankhyiki, Government of India .   Reference All are included in the text as  hyperlink Read other posts of this website All posts Science : 29, Scientific : 25, Non Science : 22, Karlsruhe Nuclear Chart : 13, Analytical Chemistry : 11, Data Analysis : 9, Answers to Cancer : 8, Education Qualification : 7, Half Life : 7, Nuclear Chemistry : 7, COVID-19 : 6, GDP : 6, Statistics : 6, Bhagavad Gita : 5, Chernobyl Accident : 5, Other than Science : 5, RBMK Reactor : 5, Reactor Physics : 5, Srimad Bhagavad Gita : 5

Kumbh means pot (sacred) Mahakumbh happens every 144 years.    Duration: January 13 to February 26, 2025  Venue of Maha Kumbh 2025: Prayagraj (Allahabad), India, at the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers.  Venue of other Kumbh (Purna (Full), Ardha (Half):  Haridwar: Situated along the banks of the Ganges, this pilgrimage site is revered for its association with purification and renewal. Nashik: Positioned on the banks of the Godavari River, this location is deeply embedded in Hindu mythology and tradition. Ujjain: Situated along the Shipra River, this site is celebrated for its rich historical and religious heritage. Why Maha Kumbh? Represents a symbolic journey of self-realization, emphasizing personal growth and self-awareness. A defining feature of the Kumbh Mela is the ritual of immersing oneself in sacred rivers, including the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati. Highlights the process of purification, both spiritual and emotional, as a path...

1. Name of the facility: NTPC Parmanu Urja Nigam Ltd. (NPUNL) 2. Started on: 07.01.2025  3. Summary of the Objective:  "The objective of the Company is to carry on the business of planning and executing an integrated programme for harnessing and developing nuclear energy for generating electricity or other purposes on a commercial basis and to Build, own, operate and manage, or to operate and manage as an agent, Nuclear energy energy and promote research and development, select suitable sites for nuclear power stations and ancillary facilities of every kind and description etc." 4. Detailed Objective Primary Objective: To engage in the planning and execution of comprehensive programs for the utilization and development of nuclear energy, primarily for electricity generation and other commercial applications. Operational Scope: Includes the construction, ownership, operation, and management of nuclear power stations, either directly or in the capacity of an agent . Researc...

1. Name of the facility: Facility for Research in Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics (FRENA) 2. Location: Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) , Kolkata, India 3. Category (Sub category): Accelerator 3 MV low-energy high-current two-stage accelerator ( Tandetron (Tandem Accelerator) )  4. Installed on: 28 June 2018 5. Manufactured by: High Voltage Engineering, The Netherlands 6. Present status: In operation 7. Special attributes ( Why FRENA like Accelerator is required ):   The cross-section of charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions exhibits an almost exponential decline with decreasing energy. Precise determination of the absolute incident beam energy is essential for accurate measurements. A narrow energy spread in the incident beam must be maintained to ensure reliable experimental outcomes . It is a Low-energy, High-current two-stage accelerator  8. Distinctions ( What is so special about FRENA ) :   L ow-energy accelerator for Nuclear reactions Accele...

1. What is the One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) scheme? It is national licenses system for e-journal subscriptions from 30 major publishers .  Through this scheme ' Article Processing Charges ' (APC) for publishing in selected good quality open access journals shall be provided to the journal publishers. 2. One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) scheme in detail Nationwide access to scholarly research articles and journal publications is facilitated through a streamlined, user-friendly, and entirely digital process.  It is part of the recent Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) Act, an initiative by Government of India. The initiative will grant access to a vast repository of knowledge contained in high-quality scholarly journals. Approximately 1.8 crore students, faculty members, researchers, and scientists across all disciplines will benefit. The scheme extends its reach to tier-2 and tier-3 cities, ensuring equitable access to academic resources. By enabling acces...

USA, China, India, Germany, Japan and UK are top six large economies of the world as on 2024. Here is the GDP (Nominal, Current Prices) growth data of these six major economies since 1980. Data source International Monetary Fund (IMF) .  To understand the growth of India, Germany, Japan and UK better, Y axis is plotted in Log scale .   Data with milestones So, as per International Monetary Fund (IMF) India is going to be  4 trillion USD economy by 2025 5 trillion USD economy by 2027  3rd largest economy by 2028. Reference All are included in the text as hyperlink Read other posts of this website All posts

Here is the GDP ( Nominal, Current Prices ) growth data of 33 Indian states and Union territories since 2011-12. Data source Niti Ayog . Reference All are included in the text as hyperlink Read other posts of this website All posts

Here is the GDP ( Nominal, Current Prices ) data of all all 33 Indian states and Union territories (2022-23). Data source Niti Ayog . Reference All are included in the text as hyperlink Read other posts of this website All posts  

Indian Tops in many fields India Tops on many criteria.  In this article let us add them together in this article.  Population Highest in the world: 145,09,35,791 (2024) To be updated